How to Ruin a Trophy Bluegill Pond, or: Beware Snake-Oil tilapia sellers

So I have been debating for months now on whether to make this post; and then just today I saw a tilapia dealer making simply false (and harmful) claims on another website.  This person claims that tilapia are the "magic bullet" of pond management; he claims, among other things, that they take no oxygen away from your other fish, and that they will make all of the fish in your pond bigger.  Let me tell you a story about a pond.

I have two arms to my small business: the pond management side, through which pond owners pay me to improve their ponds, through fish stocking, weed control, aeration installation, yearly management plans, etc.; and the guided-trips side, through which anglers pay me to put them on trophy bluegill.  For the latter, I spend my own money on the intensive management of several ponds.  In March of 2011, I stocked a one-acre pond with 200 3-6" and 50 6"+ coppernose bluegill from Overton Fisheries in Buffalo, Texas; two months later, I stocked the pond with approximately 700 fingerling coppernose from a hatchery in Alabama.  In April of 2012, in three hours of fishing, I and the landowner and his son caught half a dozen 10"+
coppernose that would have gone between sixteen and nineteen ounces each.  These fish were two years old; every one of them eventually would have made two pounds, and probably several would have made three.  The coppernose that I had stocked as fingerlings a year before were already averaging 8-9", some of them twelve ounces or better, at one year old.  By all rights, that pond today should be one of the best bluegill ponds anywhere - and it would be the centerpiece of my guide business.

But said pond is an old, eutrophic pond, and has had bad watermeal ever since I began working with it.  I installed an aeration system with three diffusers two years ago, and, though aeration normally makes a tremendous difference, it barely fazed the weed.  This pond is completely surrounded by trees and gets a heavy load of new decomposing matter every year; it also has steep banks, and receives little wind.  As of mid-May last year I had already spent over $400 on Whitecap with no effect, and I was desperate to get the watermeal under control.

Tilapia are touted as a biological control option for watermeal.  Every time I had ever seen a pond or lake stocked with them, the bluegill had overpopulated that same year; but this particular pond has a large population of stunted black crappie in addition to a good population of young bass, and I thought that if ever there were a pond with enough predators to keep the bluegill from overpopulating after tilapia were stocked, this pond would be it.

Don't get me wrong: I'm a pond management professional, and I fully accept my responsibility for the decision to stock the fish: I should have known better.  But I decided in part to stock them because there are tilapia dealers out there who claim that tilapia improve the health and growth rates of every fish in the pond, all species; and I know that some small part of me believed it.

I stocked fifty pounds of tilapia into the pond, the low end of what's recommended for weed control (or even for forage, going by the recommendation of some prominent pond management companies).  The effects were devastating to my prize coppernose immediately.  Whereas before the tilapia were stocked, every time I went to the feeder on that pond I would see dozens of huge coppernose, within two weeks of stocking the tilapia, the aggressive newcomers had bullied away the big bluegill, and when I approached the feeder I would see fifty to a hundred tilapia a few inches beneath the surface, waiting on pellets.  They didn't control the watermeal, but they sure took away food from the fish I was trying to grow.

But that was far from the worst of it.  Tilapia are stocked by many pond and lake owners because of their fecundity: they spawn even more heavily than bluegill.  And, contrary to what some tilapia dealers would tell you, any fish in your pond takes up oxygen, and the more fish you have in the pond, the more demand there is for oxygen.  I drove up to my best pond one day last August to find the ultimate gift those tilapia had given me: dozens of pound-plus coppernose floating dead, all up and down the bank of the pond.  The tilapia survived, of course; they can tolerate lower oxygen levels than most fish.

The small bluegill also survived; small fish take less oxygen than big fish.  Now the pond is full of 2-5" coppernose, so much so that I had to take remedial action in the form of stocking fifty 6-8" largemouth and ten one- to three-pound blue cats.  But it will still take a minimum of two years to get the pond back to where it was, if I can even do it that quickly.

Lest anyone suggest the watermeal caused the fish kill, the tilapia did keep it from completely covering the pond; on average, the pond stayed about twenty-percent covered on any given day.  I had grown bluegill and bass without a hiccup the year previous with the same amount of weed cover, simply by aerating.  Now, a year too late, I've learned that the generic brands of flouridone such as Whitecap are now made overseas and have quality control issues; that same pond is completely clear of watermeal and has been for over a month thanks to Clipper.

Don't get me wrong - tilapia are fantastic if you're trying to grow trophy bass.  They'll provide a dramatic boost to the overall quantity of forage in your lake or pond.  But if trophy bluegill are your goal, avoid tilapia like the bluegill plague that they are.

Create Your Own Honeyhole: Working with Other People's Ponds

Tired of fighting hundreds of other anglers at public waters for a few scrawny runt fish?  Can't remember the last time you caught a master-angler caliber fish?  Still searching for your first seven-pound largemouth, or maybe your first ten-inch bluegill?  I'll tell you a little secret - you don't have to be at the mercy of over-fished, under-managed public waters.  If you're ready to take your fishing to a level you've never dreamed of, there is an alternative, and it doesn't require a new mortgage to achieve.
Create your own honeyhole.
Any freshwater angler worth his salt knows that private ponds have some of the best fishing going.  But the perception among most anglers seems to be, if you don't own a pond yourself or aren't lucky enough to be friends with someone who does, you're out of luck.  Nothing could be further from the truth.
I don't own a pond, never have; I hope to someday, but as of the writing of this article, I'm pond-less.  Before I began working with other people's ponds, I had caught perhaps three bass over three pounds, total, and four bluegill that weighed sixteen ounces.  Now I've caught dozens of largemouth between four and seven pounds (and lost some much bigger); I've caught hundreds of bluegill over a pound, including a pure northern-strain bluegill that weighed twenty-two ounces.  One northern-strain and three hybrid bluegill weighing twenty-eight ounces have been caught from ponds I manage; multiple ten-pound largemouth have come from ponds I manage.  And I never would have seen a one of these fish had I not stepped out of my comfort zone and made a couple calls to landowners.
Land leases have become common among hunters who wish to take control of the quality of their hunting; and yet for some reason this approach is far less common among anglers, though there are more of us, and thus more competition, than there are hunters.  There are a few scattered places, mainly in the South, where one can either lease a private lake on a yearly basis, or pay to join a club that grants access to leased waters; but in these cases, you have no say in the management of the water - you pay your money and you fish what you're given.
But there's a better approach: find a pond where you can be the manager, where you can tailor the fishing to your own goals.  For every pond with a diligent owner who aggressively manages (or pays to have it managed) his pond, there are ten that sit in total neglect, either for a lack of interest or time or both on the part of the owner.  Many of these landowners would be delighted to have anything at all done to their pond.  I've never had to pay a lease or a fee of any sort for access - just the fact I was willing to spend my own money and labor and time improving the fishing in the pond was enough to get me through the gate.  I'm on my second stint at working with ponds, after moving to the desert of southern California for ten years and finally coming to my senses and returning to the South; I've been at it three years this time.  And I have three different ponds I can fish for an hour and catch at least one ten-inch bluegill, and three other ponds I can fish for a couple hours and catch at least one bass four pounds or larger.
Not only does working with a private pond afford you the opportunity to create the best fishing hole you've ever seen; it's a heck of a lot of fun in and of itself.  Being able to see the pond respond to intelligent management, to see the fish you're after get larger month by month, is like nothing else.  (Just watching fish feed at an automatic feeder can be almost as much fun as catching them.)  Millions of hunters go all-out with food plots, automatic feeders, genetics, you name it, to improve the quality of hunting on land they don't own - why not more anglers?  There's a wealth of information available today to anyone who desires to manage a pond, from literature put out by state game-and-fish agencies to degree programs (both resident and online-only) to online forums to professional pond management companies (I own a small one myself) that can give you a detailed assessment of the pond with a multi-year plan for improving it.
Stop for a minute and add up how much you spent last year fishing public lakes, between fishing licenses, gas, daily lake fees, boat registration, fuel and maintenance on that big outboard, accommodations if you traveled, etc.  Chances are, for what you spent, or less, you could have been building the honeyhole of your dreams, closer to home and less crowded than any public lake will ever be.

Getting Serious About Monster Bluegill in Your Pond

Getting Serious About Monster Bluegill

"They're a great kids' fish."  "They're easy to catch."  "They're a good management option for a pond too small to manage for trophy bass."  If you're a serious bluegill angler, chances are you've heard someone denigrate your favorite fish.  Chances are also good that you've come across conflicting advice on how to grow those monster 'gills.  Bluegill are the Rodney Dangerfield of freshwater angling - these days, even the once-reviled common carp gets more press.
  I purchased my first baitcasting rod and reel at the age of fifteen.  I've caught Master-angler-size fish of several species, including the hallowed black bass; and, truth be told, I spent a great deal of time pursuing those glamour members of the sunfish clan up to my twenty-first year...
Which is the year I caught my first sixteen-ounce bluegill.  A public lake near my hometown had been drained and re-stocked four years earlier and was putting out numbers of bluegill over ten inches.  Word got out quickly, and within a year of when the big ones showed up, the lake had been hammered with fishing pressure and the lake's population of bruiser 'gills had been decimated, never to recover.  But I was able to get in on the tail-end of its glory: I had three magical trips, for which I caught at least one pounder bluegill each trip, and two of the trips I had two that weighed a pound each.  The average weight of the fish on the best trip was fourteen ounces.  My life would never be the same.  My bass obsession was obliterated like a scud missile that's been intercepted by a Patriot.
I began reading everything I could about catching big bluegill.  (This was long before the internet existed.)  My grandfather had a bunch of back issues of Fishing Facts, and I found an article by a fisheries biologist on catching bluegill over a pound.  The author stated that most fisheries scientists that he knew had only a passing interest in bass, because their true passion was catching trophy bluegill.  I found another issue of Fishing Facts about feeding bluegill catfish chow (this was before the specialty high-protein foods now on the market existed.)  The author stated that bluegill could be grown to three pounds on pellet food - and he backed it up with a photo of several enormous bluegill feeding on pellets inside a ring of PVC on a clear-water pond.  That photo gave me a fever that no one but a fellow trophy 'gill aficionado could understand.
I read all the literature I could find on pond management, and I found a couple landowners who were willing to let me work with their ponds in exchange for fishing permission.  I made rectangular retaining frames out of two-inch PVC and anchored them in three phosphate pits and began feeding the bluegill by hand with catfish chow on the weekends during the school year (I was in college at the time), and five days a week during the summer; two other ponds I managed by monthly fertilization and a release-only policy on largemouth so that they became stunted and kept the bluegill at low densities (more food per 'gill).  Within three years I was catching one-pound bluegill every trip at my two best ponds, and fish over a pound became common.
But that was twenty-five years ago.  The amount of information, and the management resources, available to any serious 'giller today dwarfs what was out there when I started working with ponds.  Today we have foods that have twice the protein content of the food I was using, and directional automatic feeders that sling the food far out from the bank or dock as their solar charger keeps the battery charged; pond owners in Southern states can purchase Florida-strain bluegill (they're called coppernose) that grow faster and larger than the northern-strain I was feeding on weekends.  But just as every other pursuit one might adopt these days will have its share of misguided or simply erroneous info, so too does growing giant bluegill.  And just one bit of well-intentioned but bad advice can mean the difference between a pond full of giants and a whole lot of frustration and wasted money.
I'm going to list a few common mistakes that keep pond owners from growing giant bluegill in their ponds.  Avoid these like the plague, and you'll be on your way to having the biggest 'gills in the county.

Big Bluegill Mistake #1: Worrying about bass size.
If I had a nickel for every time I've heard someone advise a pond owner who wants to grow big bluegill, not to stock largemouth in a pond under an acre for this reason, I'd have a lot of nickels.  "The bass will overpopulate," goes the advice, and because it has come from someone who may know a good bit about other aspects of pond management (growing big bass, for instance), the pond owner takes it seriously, and gets it in his head that overpopulated bass are a terrible thing that will ruin his pond.  This is by far the most common bit of bad advice that gets tossed at pond owners interested in big bluegill; oftentimes the person giving the advice will suggest alternatives that typically include stocking hybrid bluegill instead, a plan that typically has far more negative consequences long-term due to genetic deterioration after the initial (stocker) generation.  And the ironic thing about it all is that overpopulated bass are the number one priority in the management of any pond geared toward trophy 'gills - a high density of bass is even more important than a feeding program to achieving master-angler bluegill.  The literature available from most any state DNR will tell you as much - as will any true bluegill nut.  Many bluegill anglers even use this indicator to determine which public waters to fish for the bulls - when they find a water body with loads of stunted largemouth, they know there's a good chance bruiser 'gills are present.  So why then is it so common for people who know a lot about other aspects of pond management to give bad advice about growing giant bluegill?  Because they're not bluegill die-hards like we are.  They may fish now and then for the bulls when they're spawning, or when they take their kids fishing, but they don't eat, sleep, and breathe this:

        And the way you get fish like the one above, is by having lots of these in the pond:

        Any good pond pro who has grown big bass will tell you how key density is in the process.  Too many small bass equals not enough food for the medium-sized bass to get big, not enough food for the big bass to get even bigger.  In ponds where the bass are significantly overpopulated, few of the bass ever make it beyond fourteen inches, and that fourteen-incher may be six years old.  Thin out the small bass, they'll tell you, or you'll never have any big ones.  You can stock forage all day but if you don't thin out the skinny runts they'll devour all that forage before it has a chance to spawn, or grow big enough to make a decent meal for a bigger bass.  Population density is #1 in growing big fish.  You can have water that's saturated with dissolved oxygen from a top-of-the-line aeration system, great genetics and food out the wazoo and if there are too many mouths for the food the fish are not going to get big.  And just as having too many small bass negates stuffing a pond with shad/shiners/crawfish/etc., so having too many small bluegill negates high-protein food and genetics and anything else you might do in an attempt to grow a two-pounder.  

        Optimal conditions for big bass are the worst possible conditions for big bluegill and vice versa.  You can't maximize a pond for both.  

        Is it possible that stocking largemouth into a pond under an acre will result in overpopulated largemouth?  Of course - just as it's possible with a much bigger pond, and it should be your goal in both.  A half-acre pond that's overpopulated with largemouth, is exponentially easier to control than a thirty-acre lake that's overpopulated with largemouth.  In either case, overpopulated largemouth are as much easier to get under control than overpopulated bluegill, as roses are than kudzu.  If you've never tried to get a stunted-bluegill pond headed in the right direction, it's roughly akin to trying to dam the Pacific Ocean with a tongue depressor.  You need the small bass because they eat most bluegill fry/YOY so that few survive to adulthood, and you get that low population density that is key to growing big fish of any species, and especially so for bluegill due to their prolific breeding habits.  

        Forget about bass size if you want giant bluegill in your pond.  Think of the bass as aspiring runway models, and you're giving them that slender figure that models yearn for.  You're not starving them - you're just lowering their incidence of heart disease and Type-II diabetes.

Big Bluegill Mistake #2: Stocking competing species for forage.

Largemouth bass are named for the size of their food intake valve - they have a big maw, and they'll stuff it with anything that will fit in it.  Bluegill, on the other hand, have one of the smallest mouths of any freshwater fish, and this small mouth size limits what they can eat, even larger specimens.  A twelve-inch largemouth can eat bigger food items than any bluegill that ever swam.  Why then is it that pond owners - and many pond management professionals - forget this when managing ponds for big bluegill?  

Three years ago I began managing a 60-acre lake thirty miles from my hometown.  The first time I spoke with the owner, he lamented that his bluegill size had decreased dramatically in recent years; after a few questions I learned that the company that managed the lake prior to me had talked the owner into stocking six thousand dollars' worth of gizzard shad into the lake six years earlier.  The owner told me that when he bought the lake, pre-shad, the bluegill had been "huge," as had been the shellcracker.  When I sampled the lake a few days later, the bluegill averaged 5", as did the shellcracker; the largest sunfish I caught was an emaciated seven-inch bluegill with big eyes that lived right under an automatic feeder.  The bass in the lake were great - within my first thirty minutes on the lake I saw one that would go between eight and ten pounds.  But the bluegill were pathetic.  

I made a point, in my conversations with the owner, of asking him whether bass or bluegill were more important to him; it became clear that, though he liked to catch nice-sized bass, bluegill and shellcracker were his priority.  Most pond professionals these days recognize that the introduction of shad, whether gizzard or threadfin, is almost invariably devastating to the size structure of bluegill in a pond or lake; but, just as there are pond managers out there so focused on bass that they can't give objective advice on growing big bluegill when it comes to small ponds, so there are some who are so locked in to growing bigger bass that they bring that mindset to every body of water, and rationalize anything that would interfere with it.  These same pros are quick to point out that stocking any species of predator that will compete with your largemouth for food - for example, channel catfish, or crappie, or hybrid striped bass - will adversely affect your chances of growing big bass.  Why then do they insist that species that compete directly for food with bluegill can be stocked with no harm to the size structure of the bluegill?  

Bluegill eat invertebrates, as well as (very) small fish, and, especially young bluegill (a crucial time in the fish's development if you're trying to grow trophies), plankton.  Threadfin and gizzard shad, golden shiners, and tilapia, all consume invertebrates and plankton.  And, all of the aforementioned species will also readily consume floating pellets, further depriving your bluegill of calories.  Every invertebrate a shiner or tilapia eats is one less invertebrate one of your bluegill can eat.  And shad, both threadfin and gizzard, are filter feeders: they'll do the same thing in your pond that Asian carp have been reviled for doing in the Mississippi River, meaning they'll cut your food chain off at the knees, taking away crucial nourishment from bluegill YOY and fry and intermediates.  If you don't believe how much of a difference the food chain makes, my two best bluegill came from ponds that weren't fed pellets at all - they simply had great food chains from being fertilized monthly from March through October, and high densities of bass being maintained at all times.  

But it's not just competition for food that makes other forage species a no-no in trophy bluegill ponds.  Stocking shad or shiners or tilapia puts a double-whammy on your pond for bluegill size.  All of these species are stocked not just because their fusiform shape makes it easy for bass to eat them: they're also stocked for their fecundity.  They're spawning machines, and pond managers stock them for the same reason they stock bluegill, to provide lots of food for the bass.  But more food means more opportunities for the bass to choose, and when given the choice between easy-to-swallow fusiform shad or shiners or tilapia versus harder-to-swallow compressiform bluegill, the bass will focus on the slender newcomers.  Meaning your bluegill get less attention, meaning their ability to breed like rabbits goes unchecked - they overpopulate, and their growth shuts down.  I've never seen a pond or lake that had a significant population of any of these other species, that didn't have overpopulated bluegill with sub-par growth.  

Pond owners sometimes think that the bluegill will benefit from the added forage.  And, if bluegill had mouths like bass, they would - but remember that tiny mouth.  Shad and shiners and tilapia quickly grow past the size that any but the largest bluegill can eat them, and, particularly with tilapia and gizzard shad, within a couple months of birth they can reach a size at which no bluegill can consume them; and at this point they're not doing anything for your bluegill but taking food away from them, both the natural food in the pond and any pellets you might be spending good money on.  I made the mistake this spring of stocking tilapia into a one-acre pond I manage that has had catastrophically bad watermeal for the entire three years I've managed it; I stocked the tilapia against my better judgment, because the pond has a high density of stunted crappie from a bucket stocking by one of the owner's friends years ago, and I thought the crappie might control the tilapia reproduction.  Now every time I go to refill the feeder on that pond I'm greeted by a hundred tilapia that lie just beneath the surface ten feet out from the feeder, waiting for the pellets which they greedily devour the second the feeder goes off.  Before I stocked the tilapia, I could see dozens of coppernose bluegill to ten inches feeding whenever the feeder went off; now I haven't seen a coppernose in two months.  The tilapia have completely taken over the feeder.  

Focus on keeping bluegill numbers low if you want to grow trophies.  Density is key - even more important than supplemental feeding.  And your bluegill density will get out of whack if you stock one of these other species - I guarantee it.

Big Bluegill Mistake #3: Too much cover and/or shallow water.

Cover is key for growing big bass - without cover for your forage, the bass will be able to chase down too many of the forage fish and eventually deplete them so that there's not enough food to go around, and growth stops.  And, here again, if big bluegill are your goal, you need to take that bass thinking and flip it on its head.  

One caveat: this subject has been, in my experience, not as cut-and-dried as mistakes #1 and #2.  The best bluegill pond I ever managed had dozens of fallen trees in the water, all around the lake; at least three-fourths of the shoreline had cover in the water.  But that pond also had no weedgrowth at all, very little water shallower than two feet, and easily the densest population of small largemouth of any pond I've ever fished - it was common to catch more buck bass in a day of fishing than bluegill, but the bluegill would average nearly a pound apiece.  I've also fished ponds that had dense weedgrowth but still harbored thriving populations of large bluegill; but in every case these ponds had a high density of small bass, and I've only encountered a handful of ponds that featured this combination.  Conversely, when I sample a new property with multiple ponds on it, I can usually predict without wetting a line which ponds will have the biggest bluegill, just by observing the relative abundance of cover in each pond.  A year ago I began managing a mountaintop property with several lakes ranging in size from eight to 120 acres.  There were two lakes that had significant weedgrowth, and a third lake that had a preponderance of shallow water; these lakes had the largest bass and the poorest bluegill, while the deeper lakes with no vegetation and comparatively little cover had more small bass, and much larger bluegill.  Here's an easy way to think about it: the state of Louisiana is further south than most of the state of Alabama, and probably has more water with dense cover than any other state; the state record bluegill is under two pounds.  Lake Ketona, a small private lake outside of Birmingham that produced the world record four-pound-twelve-ounce bluegill, is an old limestone quarry with steep sides, almost no water under three feet deep and no cover.  It also has an unusually high density of largemouth, or at least it did at the time of the world record catch, because state biologists cited the bass density, along with the steep banks and lack of cover, as reasons for the record fish.  

Pond owners often ask if they should build spawning areas for their bluegill.  The answer is, if your goal is big bass, absolutely - gravel beds will do the same thing fish hides will, i.e. increase the spawning success of your bluegill.  But that spawning success is your enemy if trophy bluegill are your goal, just as great bass spawning success is the enemy of a pond owner aiming for trophy bass.

Density is key.  And part of how you control it is to give the bass an easy shot at your small bluegill.  Most of them will get eaten - and that's what you want.  

About the Guide

I have a pond management business out of Columbia, Tennessee.  I do everything from fish stocking to aquatic vegetation control to yearly lake management plans to sales of fish feeders and aeration systems to monthly and bi-monthly refilling and maintenance of automatic feeders.  I've been an avid angler since before I can remember - when I was fourteen I subscribed to six different fishing magazines, and when I was sixteen I began making my own custom fishing rods.  I began managing ponds my junior year of college, worked with several around my hometown for ten years, then took a forced hiatus for ten years while living in Los Angeles (unfortunately there are not an abundance of ponds in the desert).  I started back managing ponds in 2009.  Among the ponds and lakes I manage across middle Tennessee, there are several that are managed for trophy bluegill, and I'll be using this blog to post photos of some of the fish caught out of those ponds as well as to post articles I have written and will be writing on bluegill and pond management.

I offer guided trips on several ponds in middle Tennessee.  My rates are $400 per day for one angler, or $300 per angler for two or more anglers.  A custom rod made to your specifications is included in the cost of the trip.

http://trophypond.com/